Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction
| Authors |
Goldstein I, Lue T, Padma-Nathan H, Rosen R, Steers W, Wicker
P (for the Sildenafil Study Group). |
| Source |
New England Journal of Medicine. 338:1397-404. May
14, 1998. |
| Institutions |
Multi-institutional in the United States; Pfizer Central
Research. |
| Support |
Pfizer. |
Background
Erectile dysfunction is a common problem, increasing in prevalence with
age. Available treatments include intracavernosal and intraurethral prostaglandin
(alprostadil), penile prostheses and vacuum devices. Until the recent introduction
of sildenafil (Viagra), no effective oral therapy was available.
The pathway leading to penile erection includes the release of nitric
oxide by nerve endings in the corpus cavernosum, in response to sexual
stimulation. This, in turn, leads to the formation of cyclic GMP, which
produces smooth muscle relaxation in the corpora cavernosa. Sildenafil,
which reaches its peak effect about one hour after oral ingestion and has
a half life of 3-5 hours, selectively inhibits the metabolism of cyclic
GMP by phosphodiesterase type 5 (the predominent metabolizer of cGMP in
the corpus cavernosum). |
Methods
Patients
Men 18 years of age or older, in a stable relationship with a female
partner for at least 6 months, with erectile dysfunction of at least 6
months duration.
Exclusion criteria: Anatomic penile abnormalities, other sexual disorders
(such as premature ejaculation), spinal cord disease, major psychiatric
disorders, history of alcohol or substance abuse, major medical disorders
(uncontrolled diabetes, active peptic ulcer disease, significant hepatic,
renal or hematologic disorders, recent stroke or MI), or treatment with
nitrates.
Intervention
Two separate studies were carried out and reported here, a 24-week dose-response,
efficacy and safety trial, and a 12-week dose titration study with an optional
32 week, open-label extension. In both trials, men were instructed
to take the medication one hour before intercourse and not more than once
daily.
-
24-week trial: Men were randomized to placebo, 25 mg, 50 mg or 100 mg of
sildenafil.
-
12-week trial: Men were initially randomized to placebo or 50 mg of sildenafil.
At follow-up visits the dose of the study drug could be doubled or halved,
depending on efficacy or side-effects.
Analysis
Efficacy of the drug was assessed with three instruments:
-
An event log, in which men were asked to record the date medication was
taken, presence of sexual stimulation, hardness of erection and success
of intercourse. The event logs were reviewed 8 times during the 24-week
study and 5 times during the 12-week study.
-
A global efficacy question (did the treatment improve your erections?).
This question was asked at weeks 12 and 24 in the 24-week study and at
week 12 in the 12-week study.
-
The International Index of Erectile Function. This is a 15 item, self-administered
questionnaire which includes questions designed to explore 5 domains of
sexual function (erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse
satisfaction and overall satisfaction). Particular emphasis was placed
on two specific questions from this index that explore erectile function:
question 3 (frequency of penetration) and question 4 (maintenance of erections
after penetration). The index was completed at weeks 0, 12 and 24 in the
24 week study, and at weeks 0 and 12 in the 12 week study.
|
Results
Patients
532 men were enrolled in the 24-week dose-response study, 216 to placebo
and 316 to the three doses of sildenafil (25, 50 and 100 mg); 87% of them
completed the study. 329 men were enrolled in the 12-week dose-escalation
study, 166 to placebo and 163 to sildenafil; 93% of them completed the
study.
The baseline characteristics of the patients were largely well matched
between the two studies and between the sildenafil and placebo groups.
These included:
-
Mean age: 58 years.
-
Mean duration of erectile dysfunction: 3.2 years in the dose-response
study; 4.8 years in the dose-escalation study.
-
Cause of erectile dysfunction organic (vs. psychogenic or mixed):
77% in the dose-response study, 59% in the dose-escalation study.
-
Associated conditions: hypertension: 28% of men; coronary disease:
8%; diabetes 13%.
Efficacy
Sildenafil was significantly more effective than placebo in improving
erectile function, at all doses and with a positive dose-response effect.
Results include:
-
Answers to the global efficacy question (did the drug improve your erections?)
in the dose-response study were positive in 25% of men taking placebo,
and in 56%, 77% and 84% of men taking 25, 50 and 100 mg of sildenafil.
In the dose-escalation study, the answer was yes in 19% of men taking placebo
and in 74% of men taking sildenafil.
-
For question 3 of the International Index of Erectile dysfunction (frequency
of penetration), at the end of treatment the score increased by 5% in men
taking placebo vs. increases of 64%, 84% and 100% for the three doses of
sildenafil. In the dose-escalation study, the increase was 10% for
placebo and 95% for sildenafil.
-
For question 4 of the Index (maintenance of erections after penetration),
the score increased by 24% in the placebo group and by 121%, 133% and 130%
for the three doses of sildenafil. In the dose-escalation study, the increases
were 13% for placebo vs. 140% for sildenafil.
-
Looking at the five domains of sexual function covered by the Index, sildenafil
improved the score significantly compared with placebo in four domains
(erectile function, orgasmic function, intercourse satisfaction and overall
satisfaction). There was no change noted with either sildenafil or placebo
in the sexual desire score.
-
The results from the logs were similar. The percentage of men achieving
erections hard enough to sustain intercourse during the last week of the
dose-response study was 50% for placebo and 72%, 80% and 85% for the doses
of sildenafil.
-
In the dose-escalation study, the percentages of men taking 25, 50 or 100
mg after the 12 weeks were 2%, 23% and 74% (for the placebo arm the percentages
were 0%, 5% and 95%).
-
The effect of sildenafil was similar in patients who were judged to have
organic, psychological and mixed etiologies of erectile dysfunction.
Adverse effects
A number of adverse effects occurred that are presumably drug related.
In the dose-response study, these were:
-
Headache. It occurred in 6% of the placebo patients vs. 14%, 21% and 30%
of patients taking the drug at 25, 50 and 100 mg.
-
Flushing. Occurred in 1% in the placebo group and in 13%, 27% and 20% in
the sildenafil group.
-
Dyspepsia. 1% in placebo vs. 3%, 11% and 16%.
-
Rhinitis. 2% placebo vs. 1%, 3% and 11%.
-
Visual disturbances (changes in perception of color hue or brightness).
<1% in the placebo group vs. 2%, 6% and 9%.
Although these side-effects were relatively common,
they led to discontinuation of the drug in only 5 men in the dose-response
study (1%).
Priapism was not reported. No abnormalities in standard blood tests
were noted. |
|
Comment
In this study, self-administered oral sildenafil substantially improved
erectile function in men with predominantly organic (but also psychogenic
and mixed) erectile dysfunction. Improvement occurred at all doses, but
was greater at higher doses, as was the incidence of side-effects.
Side effects were relatively common, particularly headache and flushing,
which occurred in 30% and 20% of patients taking the highest dose (100
mg).
As would be expected from its mode of action, the drug did not cause
any increase in sexual desire, only in the efficacy of the erectile response.
Because phosphodiesterase is also involved in the vasodilator response
to nitrates, the drug can potentiate (to a dangerous degree) the vasodilating
and hypotensive effects of nitrates, and is contraindicated in patients
taking these drugs. It is believed that some of the deaths attributed to
sildenafil and reported in the media are due to an interaction with nitrates.
Although the drug appears to be safe, patients with significant hepatic,
renal and hematologic disorders were excluded. Furthermore, the number
of patients studied and the length of follow-up were relatively limited.
This medication will probably be taken by a large number of patients, for
many years in certain cases. Diligence in seeking and reporting possible
adverse drug reactions will be very imortant.
June 14, 1998
References
References
related to this article from the NLM's PubMed
database.
|
Reader Comments
Date: Sat, 20 Jun 1998
From: "Bob Woolery, DC" <bwool@ix.netcom.com>
Organization: State of the Art Chiropractic,
Simi Valley, CA
Patient selection to exclude those treated with
nitrates seems appropriate, given the probable severe interaction, but
one wonders if the target group and their prescribing physicians will be
so careful.
There was a general news report 6/19 in either
the LA Times or Daily News, with the usual lack of adequate references,
which proported to account for some of the greater frequency of high blood
pressure in the African american population by the observation of a significant
difference in the response to nitric oxide in the black population. It
is unpopular to specify race in medical experiments these days, but if
there really is a racial difference in response to and metabolism
of
nitric oxide between races, the variable and its interaction effects should
be teased out. If the reporter got it right, and I follow correctly, black
folks have less response re: lowering of BP by vaso-dilation than other
groups. This should reflect in a lesser response to Viagra.
The patient groups were certainly large, but the
treatment effects were also, and a monotonic dose-response curve demonstrated,
so it does not appear that the subject pool was made large to manage a
significant result from a small effect, as has been suggested.
The comment about contraindication of nitrates
deserves further consideration. In some states, Paramedics, EMT's and other
paraprofessionals apparently have nitroglycerine, etc for immediate administration
to apparent MI cases. Even if a person were not taking nitrates, a heart
attack while indulging in unaccustomed sexual activity could result in
him being given nitrates by emergency response personnel. Some clear warning
to prevent this is probably in order, but seems unlikely to be implemented.
Date: Sun, 15 Nov 1998
From: GELSUS@aol.com
It seems that interracial differences in response to Viagra can be taken
care of by a dose adjustment. This information would come out of
properly designed clinical trials, except that for ethical reason, we do
not do them in one particular racial or ethnic group at a time.
Nevertheless, a dosage adjustment should not be beyond the average physician
and often within the purview of the patient himself.
Gelsus@aol.com
November 19, 1998
The September 3, 1998 NEJM has letters
to the editor about this article.
Points raised include reports of cases of ventricular arrhythmias, a
case of pulmonary hemorrhage, "honeymoon cystitis" in sexual partners,
the evaluation of endocrine causes of impotence and some clarification
of the improvement achieved in erectile function.
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